How to Promote Literacy and Skilled Communication

Step by step instructions to Promote Literacy and Skilled Communication Step by step instructions to Promote Literacy and Skilled Communication Step by step instructions to Promote Literacy and Skilled Communication By Mark Nichol You could conceivably concur that English-language utilization is breaking down, however plainly numerous youngsters can't communicate well recorded as a hard copy as indicated by contemporary gauges. How might we build up a populace of skillful journalists? To start with, we should maintain a strategic distance from misrepresented thoughts of a whole age of uneducated people. The facts confirm that electronic correspondence media like messaging and Twitter debilitate cautious piece. (Twitter requires compactness, however rationality is frequently a loss.) the reality of the matter is that assimilation in cutting edge amusements, for example, PC games diverts youth from the awards of perusing. The facts confirm that a lamentable spotlight on quantitative assessment of understudies has caused a decrease in subjective articulation. Be that as it may, I’ve read heaps of articles and books composed by individuals who weren’t even conceived when I started composing and altering expertly yet are as of now more capable than I’ll ever be. The English language as we probably am aware it isn’t going anyplace (not in the course of our lives, in any case). Truly, we should recognize that our general public doesn't esteem the composed word the manner in which it used to, yet we should not significantly weep over the passing of proficiency. Here’s what we can do, both on an individual level and a cultural one, to improve our aggregate competency recorded as a hard copy: We can advocate for broad and serious composing encounters for kids that are formatively suitable. Don’t push youngsters to figure out how to peruse and compose when they aren’t prepared, however when they are prepared, immerse them with significant chances to communicate recorded as a hard copy making accounts, not filling in worksheets. A powerful aggregate procedure incorporates displayed composing (exhibiting essentially to youngsters how one makes an interpretation of verbally processing into composing), shared composition (having understudies team up to deliver a bit of substance, for example, an aggregate record of a common encounter or a synopsis of what they’ve realized), guided composition (checking students’ singular composition to assist them with figuring out how to create and communicate thoughts), and autonomous composition (urging understudies to make their own work by composing and changing). We can likewise show perusing normally. State funded instruction has experienced politicized temperament swings between different ways to deal with creating children’s understanding aptitudes. Teachers, guardians, and the overall population must acknowledge that phonics is neither a fix all nor a revile and that entire language guidance should nor be the sole methods for guidance or be stayed away from. Why not join the two methodologies? (In reality, that is the premise of a technique called adjusted education.) Yet, this mix should consider that kids are generally persuaded to figure out how to peruse when the material is important to them. They ought to be urged to peruse their own composition and that of their friends, and in spite of the fact that task of top notch perusing writings is gainful, they ought to likewise be without given rein to pick their own understanding materials, even comic books and other composing structures that are not really thought to be generous. The best test to proficiency, be that as it may, isn't children’s lack of concern toward or unfriendliness about perusing and composing, and it isn't adults’ quibbling about the best instructing techniques. Two other interrelated variables are capable: lacking financing for government funded training and a social degrading of composing aptitudes. Government and school authorities have dissolved open trust in their capacity to utilize training subsidizing carefully and adequately to show youngsters essential proficiency abilities, bringing about voter distrust about the astuteness of favoring school bonds and other money related assets. Not exclusively does this disappointment debase the quality and adequacy of the educational program, it additionally brings about falling apart framework in the government funded schools, which disintegrates instructor and understudy confidence. Yet, excellent state funded instruction requires deliberately viewed as, long haul arranging and liberal mixtures of assets. Likewise, the overall population hears and sees media reports building up the risk of helpless composing aptitudes in messaging and other cutting edge correspondence, and watches these realities firsthand. The business world, and the reporting and distributing ventures, do experience the ill effects of helpless relational abilities among laborers. In any case, these issues aren’t constrained to the more youthful citizenry; they pervade all age gatherings. The appropriate response is a very much idea out, all around subsidized instructive framework and a system of help including proceeding with training (completely or incompletely financed by businesses for their laborers) and additionally inside tutoring. What's more, we, as a general public, must acknowledge that individuals will disregard unacceptable casual composition, yet we should likewise request that they show regard for the language and for those they share it with by endeavoring to impart well. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Writing Basics class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Regarding Re:Have versus Having in Certain Expressions20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

5 puntos migración de cubanos a EE.UU., incluido asilo

5 puntos migraciã ³n de cubanos an EE.UU., incluido asilo La polã ­tica migratoria de Estados Unidos hacia los cubanos es, en algunos aspectos, diferente a la que se aplica al resto de nacionalidades y es fruto de la situaciã ³n histã ³rica de la Guerra Frã ­a. Se estima que aproximadamente dos millones de cubanos y cubano-americanos residen en Estados Unidos, siendo Florida el estado donde un city hall leader nã ºmero se concentra. En la actualidad cuando se habla de migraciã ³n y cubanos es necesario tener en cuenta 5 puntos: blade de polã ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados, Ley Ajuste Cubano, peticiã ³n de asilo en frontera, deportaciones y, finalmente, solicitud de visas no inmigrantes para cubanos que desean visitar temporalmente Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © significa el blade de Pies secos, pies mojados? Por decisiã ³n del foremost presidente de Estados Unidos Barack Obama se puso blade a la polã ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados que durante aã ±os posibilitã ³ a los cubanos emigrar ms fcilmente que otros extranjeros. Esta polã ­tica permitã ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a los cubanos que tocaban suelo estadounidense y al aã ±o iniciar los trmites para obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente, mientras que, por otro lado, se regresaban a Cuba o se enviaban an un tercer paã ­s an aquellos cubanos interceptados en el deface cuando trataban de llegar an EE.UU. Al mismo tiempo que se cambiã ³ esa polã ­tica se puso blade al programa CMPP para trabajadores de sanidad cubanos en programas de trabajo fuera de la Isla. Ley de Ajuste Cubano Por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano de 2 de noviembre de 1966,â las personas de esa nacionalidad ingresaronâ legalmente en Estados Unidos pueden solicitar la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus, si pueden demostrar una estancia continuada en el paã ­s de un aã ±o y un dã ­a. Para ingresar legalmente se necesita una visa de inmigrante o una de los muchos tipos de visa no inmigrante, es decir, un documento emitido por una embajada o por un consulado de los Estados Unidos. Cubanos y asilo en Estados Unidos Para solicitar asilo en los pasos migratorios de una de las fronteras terrestres, aeropuertos o puertos de los Estados Unidos se pide a los cubanos que cumplan los mismos requisitos que los candidatos de otros paã ­ses. Para el caso de la frontera terrestre que separa EE.UU. y Mã ©xico, desde el 16 de julio de 2019 aplica la obligaciã ³n de pedir previamente asilo en al menos un paã ­s por el que se haya transitado risks de llegar a dicha frontera. Para admitirse la solicitud de asilo en el puesto migratorio terrestre de EE.UU. tendr que demostrarse que se ha cumplido con ese requisito y que las autoridades de dicho tercer paã ­s la ha denegado. Ademas, cabe destacar que el asilo solo se aprueba por una de las circunstancias previstas por la ley y el hecho de ser de un paã ­s que es una dictadura o tiene un rã ©gimen comunista no es razã ³n suficiente para que el asilo ocean aprobado. Los requisitos que pide la ley es que el solicitante haya sido perseguido o tema ser perseguido si regresa a su paã ­s por una de las siguientes causas: nacionalidad, raza, religiã ³n, opiniã ³n polã ­tica o membresã ­a en un grupo determinado. En la actualidad, un nã ºmero rã ©cord de cubanos que solicitaron asilo en la frontera y que las autoridades estadounidenses consideran que no tienen un buen caso de asilo se encuentran detenidos en prisiones migratorias mientras esperan que se resuelva su caso, lo cual puede demorarse meses. Por otro lado, los cubanos que solicitan el asilo y se les yield un parole para que ingresen al paã ­s pueden seguir en libertad su caso de asilo mientras que, al mismo tiempo, deben solicitar ajuste cubano al aã ±o y dã ­a de ingresar al paã ­s con el parole y cancelar, asã ­, la peticiã ³n de asilo. En los aã ±os fiscales 2015 a 2017 â€los à ºltimos de los que feed datos publicados por el gobierno†los cubanos no estn entre las diez nacionalidades con city hall leader nã ºmero de casos de asilo aprobado, tanto en la modalidad afirmativa como en la defensiva. Por à ºltimo, no se debe confundir el asilo con la condiciã ³n de refugiado, que es una situaciã ³n comparative pero distinta y que tiene como condiciã ³n imprescindible que la solicitud se realice fuera de EE.UU. y de sus fronteras. El Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas es una de las instituciones que se ocupa de tramitar el papeleo de la condiciã ³n de refugiado para cubanos. Cubanos y deportaciã ³n Durante dã ©cadas, Estados Unidos no deportaba a los cubanos. La razã ³n head period la negativa del gobierno castrista de admitir a los cubanos deportados. Sin ban, actualmente La Habana est admitiendo en su territorio a sus nacionales deportados siempre y cuanto se cumplan ciertas reglas fijadas conjuntamente con Estados Unidos. A consecuencia de ello, en el à ºltimo aã ±o monetary EE.UU. deportã ³ a 436 cubanos. Para evitar la deportaciã ³n es altamente recomendable que todos los cubanos que cumplen con los requisitos soliciten la ciudadanã ­a estadounidense por naturalizaciã ³n, lo cual imposibilita la deportaciã ³n a Cuba. Visas no inmigrante para cubanos En la actualidad, los Estados Unidos no est emitiendo visas en Cuba a ciudadanos cubanos, quienes deben solicitarlas en una oficina consular estadounidense en un tercer paã ­s como, por ejemplo, Mã ©xico. Asimismo, en estos momentos y por decisiã ³n del gobierno del presidente Donald Trump ya no se emiten a los ciudadanos cubanos visas no inmigrantes, como la de turista, estudiante o intercambio, con validez de cinco aã ±os. Ahora las visas child vlidas para un à ºnico viaje por un mximo de tres meses. Cubanos y migraciã ³n EE.UU. No aplica: Pies secos, pies mojados, polã ­tica que permitã ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a todos los cubanos que tocasen suelo estadounidense. Esta polã ­tica dejã ³ de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017.No aplica: visas especiales CMPP para individual sanitario cubano en misiones en el outside. Se dejã ³ de aplicar en misma fecha que Pies secos, pies mojados.Sà ­ aplica: Ley de Ajuste Cubano, que permite a todos los cubanos que ingresan an EE.UU. legalmente solicitar la tarjeta de residencia permanente al aã ±o y un dã ­a de entrar al paã ­s. Este es un artã ­culo informativo. No es asesorã ­a lawful.

Cost Acccounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Acccounting - Case Study Example The subsequent sum is then deducted by the work in process starting to concoct cost of merchandise fabricated. The expense of merchandise fabricated is then added to the completed products starting to think of merchandise ready to move. The products ready to move is deducted by the sum equivalent to completed merchandise finishing stock to show up at COST OF GOODS SOLD. The expense of creation report is a significant apparatus for dynamic. The cost bookkeeping framework shows us the genuine image of the Elan organization. In light of Table 1 in the Appendix, for the year finished December 31, 1999, When the expense of products sold measure of $137,935 is isolated by the all out income for that time of $676,734, the expense of merchandise proportion of 20.38 percent. At the point when the expense of products sold for the year finished December 31, 1997 adding up to $106,182 is separated by the complete income sum for that time of $384,181, cost of merchandise proportion is 27.64 percent. To be progressively moderate, we can isolate the expense of merchandise sold for the year 1998 of $137,935 by just the item offer of $342,078, the expense of gold proportion increment to 40.32 percent. With respect to the year 1997, when we partition the expense of merchandise sold measure of $ 106,182 by the all out item deals of $215,486 then the expense of products sold for the year will increment to 49.28%. The table shows that the item selling cost is higher than cost of products sold. The... The immediate materials are the fixings that utilized in making the medications and different items. The subsequent creation cost is the immediate work. The immediate work is the aggregate sum paid for assembly line laborers who are straightforwardly making those items. The third sort of creation cost is the Factory overhead. All processing plant cost that can't be recognized as immediate materials and direct work are lumped under the record title manufacturing plant overhead expenses. Instances of plant overhead are circuitous materials, aberrant work or janitor, power cost and phone costs. The creation cost is a genuine sum and not evaluated. Processing plant overhead expenses can be partitioned into two sorts. The principal kind is fixed expense. This implies the sum will by and large be the equivalent for the present bookkeeping time frame irregardless of the expansion or lessening in the quantity of items that are being prepared. A case of fixed expense is manufacturing plant chief compensation and the production line lease cost. The second sort of creation cost is the variable expense. The variable expense is named so in light of the fact that the expense or cost sum will increment if creation of merchandise will increment and the measure of such expense or cost diminishes when the creation of products will diminish. Instances of variable creation cost are immediate materials and direct work. The creation cost is a real sum and not assessed. (B)Assess the degree to which the framework gives helpful data to pricing,decision making, arranging, control and execution measurement.(80 marks)The cost bookkeeping framework introduced in area (An) above EXTENSIVELY will give all the base prerequisites that the estimating and chiefs in the Elan organization will requirement for their dynamic capacities. The

Wimbleball Reservoir

An Evaluation of the hydrological impacts of Wimbleball Reservoir using the IHA approach A river acts both as a source and carrier of water for supporting and sustaining the biological diversity and integrity of the aquatic, wetland and riparian species and natural ecosystems. To accomplish these functions, it is necessary that river water meets some essential qualitative and quantitative parameters and the stream-flow exhibits the dynamics and hydrological attributes comparable to that of natural or unaltered river flows (hydrologic regime). This hydrologic regime is the lifeline of freshwater ecosystem and all diverse variety of aquatic riparian species are for long accustomed and adapted to the characteristic temporal, spatial and hydrologic variation of water flow cycles attributable to the natural or unaltered water flow. Unfortunately, this regime and its naturally configured variation patterns get disturbed failing to absorb the stresses induced by our ever-increasing demands and environmentally irresponsive use of water. To evaluate the shifts in the pre and post-reservoir hydrologic parameters, the effect of Wimbleball Reservoir have been analysed based on the long-term flow-patterns of the downstream discharge of the reservoir. The analysis was conducted by a very robust statistical model called the IHA model. Both long term differences and RVA analysis show substantial impacts of manmade reservoir control on the biota of the Exe-catchment. Introduction Water bodies like rivers, streams, channels, etc. serve a dual function being essential source points for our day-to-day water requirements as well being its transporters or carriers by flowing in and channelling water downstream to the river beds, catchments and agricultural fields in the process supporting and sustaining the biological diversity and integrity of the aquatic, wetland and riparian species and natural ecosystems. Our earth is also called the water planet as water forms approximately 70% of its total surface (The Ground Water Foundation,2003) but only a part of it is available for our use. This realization has long back prompted us to take up some water management practices. In the beginning, water management practices were very much focused on issues like water quality and flood control measures and the overall strategy was never so broad to include other aspects like water quantity, stream flow management and restoration (BD, Richter, etal,1997)2. However, issues pertaining to water quantity, flow, restoration, etc. gradually started to get prominence in our policy framework following a landmark order passed by the US Supreme Court identifying the separation of water quality from water quantity and flow as an artificial distinction and recommending incorporation of both water quality and quantity objectives in a broader and comprehensive water management policy framework (US-EPA, 2002)3. Water quality, quantity flow conditions are in way inseparable features considering the fact that the amount of flow in a river effects many issues of water quality and water quantity at the same time. Therefore, the assessment on the wholesomeness of water in any system is essentially dictated by the above conditions of quality, quantity and flow characteristics. Going by this approach broadens the overall water policy framework making this a comprehensive management initiative. This shift in water management approach necessitated re-configuration of the erstwhile single or limited objective driven practice of flood storm water control thereby embracing a comprehensive initiative of total ecosystem management restoration having multi-utility potentials. This system is very important and effective because this takes into account the sustainable use of water resources or water takings and their possible restoration (Dept. of Fisheries Oceans, Canada, 2002)4. Under the ambit of this, it is necessary that river water meets some essential qualitative and quantitative parameters and the stream-flow exhibits the dynamics and hydrological attributes (hydrologic regime) comparable to that of natural or unaltered river flow (Richter D. Brian etal) 5. This hydrologic regime or natural flow regime is the lifeline of freshwater ecosystem and all diverse variety of aquatic riparian species are for long accustomed and adapted to the characteristic temporal, spatial and hydrologic variations of water flow cycles attributable to the natural or unaltered water flow. Unfortunately, this regime and its naturally configured variation patterns get disturbed (Allan David HinzLeon, SNRE, 2004)6 failing to absorb the stresses induced by our ever-increasing water takings demands and environmentally irresponsive use of water. In fact, this is the point where human intervention or controls and water integrity issues found themselves in a highly confronting and conflicting platform. Increased water demands compelling human actions like construction of water reservoirs, dams, impoundments, etc. for storing and using water for domestic, energy and hydropower, artificial parks and various other uses have started taking their toll on river waters and water bodies substantially degrading the quality, quantity and importantly squeezing the downstream water flows(Benue, A. C. 1990). This flow reduction in rivers consequential to manmade flood and irrigation control practices like reservoirs and dams are found to alter the natural hydrologic regime bringing in a series of impairments to overall ecosystem and also opening up a new front in the field of river and hydrology studies. This paper aims to assess the variations in the hydrological parameters of a river system specifically attributable to impacts of man-made interventions or controls like reservoirs. Primarily, the research ambition is to identify and evaluate the degree of alterations in the hydrologic profile by analysing the long-term historical as well recent water flow records representative of the pre-impact and post-impact period of construction and commissioning of a typical reservoir. An emerging computer tool called the IHA (Indicators of Hydrologic Alterations) has been applied to generate scenarios and analyze the data. The records and data needs for this study have been sourced from an existing gauging station in the Exe river of South-West England strategically selected to represent the influence of the Wimbleball Reservoir. Natural Flow Regime Hydrologic Alterations Ecological Significance The concept of natural flow regime is based on the understanding that aquatic and riparian organisms depend upon, or can tolerate arrange of flow conditions specific to each species (Puff etal, 1997)7.For example, certain fish species moves into safer floodplain areas during floods to feed and escape from attacks of other species occupying the main water body thereby adapting a mechanism to survive and carry on all by itself. This in a way indicates that if flooding occurs at the right time of the year, and lasts for the right amount of time, these fish populations will benefit from the flood event finally. Again as a contrast to this case, other species may be adversely affected by the same flood. With the development of the science of hydrology, it has been confirmed with a good degree of confidence that hydrologic regime with all its natural and temporal variations (both intra-annual and inter-annual) are needed to maintain and restore the natural form and function of aquatic ecosystems. However, this prerequisite is not in line with the traditional water management practice which is functionally attuned to influence and dampen natural fluctuations with the objective to provide steady and undisturbed supply of water for different in-stream and out-of-stream activities(Richter et al., 2003) . Moreover, for intervening and containing extreme drought and flood events, the traditional water management initiatives rather relied on moderating and limiting flow fluctuations. Many studies indicate natural flow regime as a determinant toing-stream flow needs of a water body. For example, (Richter et al,1996) and (Puff et al. 1997) generalized that natural flow conditions may indicate and determine in-stream flow requirements. There exists a correlation between stream-flow and other physicochemical characteristics critical to ecological integrity of streams and rivers(Puff etal., 1997). Precisely, flow can be associated to some direct as well indirect or secondary impacts and as such flow characteristics can be used as surrogates for other in-stream indicators and ecosystem conditions and importantly the components of a flow regime as shown infigure-1, are very much accessible to scientific inquiry (IFC, 2002,Poff et al. 1997, Richter et al., 1996) . Any disruption, fragmentation and dilution of this natural regime of water-flow leads to Hydrological alteration and in general, this can be defined as any anthropogenic disruption in the magnitude or timing of natural river flows (Biosciences, 50-9, 2000). The natural flow regime of a river is dependent on various factors including rainfall, temperature and evaporation when considered in a broader geographic scale or macro-scale and is also influenced by the physical characteristics of a catchment at the catchment level or micro-scale(Rash et al, 1988) . As mentioned earlier, river flow regimes are also affected directly and indirectly by human activities. Such human interventions disrupting natural flow of a river through construction and operation of reservoirs and dams have the potential of triggering a series of undesirable consequences like extensive ecological degradation, loss of biological diversity, water quality deterioration, groundwater depletion, and also more frequent and intense flooding(Puff et al, 1997). Reservoir are built to store water to compensate for fluctuations in river flow, thereby providing a measure of human control of water resources, or to raise the level of water upstream to either increase hydraulic head or enable diversion of water into canal. The creation of storage and head allows reservoirs to generate electricity, to supply water for agriculture, industries, and municipalities, to mitigate flooding and to assist river navigation(Rash et al. 1988). The biological effects of hydrologic alterations are often difficult to disentangle from those of other environmental perturbations in heavily developed catchments as identified by Rosenberg et al. (Environmental Reviews 5: 2754, 1997) . The impacts of large-scale hydrological alteration include habitat fragmentation within rivers (Dynes us and Nilsson 1994) , downstream habitat changes, such as loss of floodplains, riparian zones, and adjacent wetlands and deterioration and loss of river deltas and ocean estuaries (Rosenberg et al. 1997)36,deterioration of irrigated terrestrial environments and associated surface waters (McCall 1996) . Hydrological alterations also bring another indirect or secondary impacts on the genetic, ecosystem and global levels. They can cause genetic isolation through habitat fragmentation (Pringle 1997) , changes in processes such as nutrient cycling and primary productivity (Pringle 1997, Rosenberg et al. 1997),etc. With the realization of the importance of natural flow regime and the possible dangers posed by human alterations, there emerged a relatively new and promising water and ecology management paradigm. Many researchers started seeing this as a very comprehensive and sound management option and on many occasions stressed regarding the urgency of protecting or restoring natural hydrologic regimes (Sparks 1992;National Research Council, Doppler et al. 1993; and Dynes us Nilsson 1994) . Effective ecosystem management of aquatic, riparian, and wetland system requires that existing hydrologic regimes be characterized using biologically-relevant hydrologic parameters, and that the degree to which human-altered regimes differ from natural or preferred conditions be related to the status and trends of the biota(BD, Richter, etal, 1997). Ecosystem management efforts should be considered experiments, testing the need to maintain or restore natural hydrologic regime characteristics in order to sustain ecosystem integrity. Only some limited studies have closely examined hydrologic influences on ecosystem integrity and this is mainly because most of the commonly used statistical tools are poorly suited for characterizing hydrologic data into biologically relevant attributes(BD, Richter, etal, 1997). Without such knowledge, ecosystem managers will not be compelled to protect or restore natural hydrologic regime characteristics. However, recently, there have been some significant developments in the field of hydrological studies and importantly few robust computer statistical tools and models like IHA Range of Variability Approach (RVA) using the (Indicators of Hydrologic Alterations, BD, Richter, etal, 1997), Wetted Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM Model, Jowett, 1997)35, Flow Incremental Methodology (FIM), other Hydrologic Modelling Software like GAWSER, Ontario Flow Assessment Techniques (OFAT), etc. are now known to exist(Jowett, 1997). The following sections attempt to evaluate and assess the possible effects of hydrological alteration specifically induced by human interventions or activities. A very useful computer model called the model (available at Freshwaters.com) has been used for generating and evaluating the effects of flow variations. The ecological zone considered for analysis in this paper is the Exe river Estuary region and the gauging station selected is 45001 Exe at Thorverton. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) Method Approaches Application The evaluation and assessment of the flow regime of the Exe-river system and the variations it witnessed after the construction of the Wimbleball Reservoir have been accomplished by the application of Avery detailed computer-modelling tool known as the IHA or Indicators of Hydrologic Assessment model. The software basically takes birth from the concept of integrity and wholesomeness of the natural flow regime and is configured and capable of determining the relative transformations and variations in this natural flow regime subject to any natural or artificial modifications or alterations (BD, Richter, etal, 1997). At first, it requires defining and identifying a series of biologically-relevant hydrologic attributes that characterize intra anointer-annual variations in water conditions which are further processed for a robust statistical variation analysis after isolating the data-sets to represent two different periods resembling the pre-impact and post-impact scenarios (Rosenberg, et al, 2002). The Nature Conservancy is now the custodian of this statistical tool, which is very useful for assessing the degree to which human activities have changed flow regimes (US-EPA, 2002). Brian D. Richter and et al. from the Nature Conservancy (Richter D. Brian, etal, 1996-97) have identified four basic for this analysis and they are: (I) Define the data series (e.g., stream-gauge or well records) for pre- and post-impact periods in the ecosystem of interest. (ii) Calculate values of hydrologic attributes Values for each of 32ecologically-relevant hydrologic attributes are calculated for each year in each data series, i.e., one set of values for the pre-impact data series and one for the post-impact data series. (iii) Compute inter-annual statistics Compute measures of central tendency and dispersion for the 32 attributes in each data series, based on the values calculated in step 2. This produces a total of 64 inter-annual statistics for each data series (32 measures of central tendency and 32 measures of dispersion). (iv) Calculate values of the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration -Compare the 64 inter-annual statistics between the pre- and post-impact data series, and present each result as a percentage deviation of onetime period (the post-impact condition) relative to the other (there-impact condition). The method equally can be used to compare the state of one system to itself over time (e.g., pre- versus post-impacts just described); or it can be used to compare the state of one system to another (e.g., an altered system to a reference system), or to compare current conditions to simulated results based on models of future modification to a system. The same computational strategies will work with any regular-interval hydrologic data, such as monthly means; however, the sensitivity of the IHA method for detecting hydrologic alteration is increasingly compromised with time intervals longer than a day (Richter. Brian, etal, 1996-97). Detection of certain types of hydrologic impacts, such as the rapid flow fluctuations associated with hydropower generation at dams, may require even shorter (hourly) interval. They have also suggested that the basic data for estimating all attribute values may preferably be daily mean water conditions (levels, heads, flow rates). Hydrologic conditions in general can vary in four dimensions within an ecosystem (three spatial dimensions and time).However, the three spatial domains can be scaled down to one with the assumption that only one spatial domain exists at any strategic location over time in a river system. Restricting the domain to one specific point within a hydrologic system (like any measuring point in river) makes it simple for us to identify specific water conditions with one spatial and one temporal domain. These events may be specific water conditions like heads, levels, rate of change, etc. (Richter Brian, etal, 1996) whose temporal variations can be recorded and assessed from that particular spatial point or from a single position. Such temporal changes in water conditions are commonly portrayed as plots of water condition against time, or hydrographs. Here, we seek to study and analyse the variations in hydrologic conditions using indicators and attributes, which should essentially be biologically relevant as well as responsive to human influences or modifications like reservoir and dam operations, ground water pumping, agricultural activities, etc. at the same time (Richter D. Brian, etal,1996,). Importantly, a variety of features or parameters of hydrologic regime can be used and functionally superimposed (Sense South wood 1977, 1988; Puff Ward 1990}40 to virtually represent and finally characterize the physical habitat templates (Townsend Hilde, 1994)43 or environmental filters (Sense Eddy 1992)42that shape the biotic composition of aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. The IHA method is based on 32 biologically relevant hydrologic attributes, which are divided into five major groups to statistically characterize intra-annual hydrologic variation as showman Table-1. These 32 attributes are based upon the following five fundamental characteristics of hydrologic regimes: 1. the magnitude of the water condition at any given time is measure of the availability or suitability of habitat, and defines such habitat attributes as wetted area or habitat volume, or the position of water table relative to wetland or riparian plant rooting zones; 2. the timing of occurrence of particular water conditions can determine whether certain life cycle requirements are met, or influence the degree of stress or mortality associated with extreme water conditions such as floods or droughts; 3. the frequency of occurrence of specific water conditions such as droughts or floods may be tied to reproduction or mortality events for various species, thereby influencing population dynamics; 4. the duration of time over which a specific water condition exists may determine whether a particular life cycle phase can be completed, or the degree to which stressful effects such as inundation or desiccation can accumulate; 5. the rate of change in water conditions may be tied to the stranding of certain organisms along the waters edge or in pounded depressions, or the ability of plant roots to maintain contact with phreatic water supplies. A detailed representation of the hydrologic regime can be obtained from these 32 parameters for the purpose of assessing hydrologic alteration. Importantly, all the parameters having good ecological relevance do not call for any parameter specific statistical analysis and all of them can be processed by single and unique approach like they (Kozlowski 1984; Bustard 1984; Puff Ward 1989)46. Also, because certain stream-flow levels shape physical habitat conditions within river channels, it is needed to identify some hydrologic characteristics that might aid in detection of physical habitat alterations. (Richter D. Brian, etal, 1997). Sixteen of the hydrologic parameters focus on the magnitude, duration, timing, and frequency of extreme events, because of the pervasive influence of extreme forces in ecosystems (Gaines Denny 1994)48 and geomorphology (Leopold1994)49 and other 16 parameters measure the central tendency of either the magnitude or rate of change of water conditions (Table-2). The rationale underlying the five major groupings and the specific parameters included within each are described below. Table-2: Summary of various Hydrological Groups Groups Descriptions Number of total Hydrologic Parameters 1 Magnitude of monthly water conditions 12 2 Magnitude duration of annual extremes 10 3 Timing of annual extremes 02 4 Frequency duration of high low pulses 04 5 Rate frequency of change in conditions 04 Group-1: Magnitude of Monthly Water Conditions This group includes 12 parameters, each of which measures the central tendency (mean) of the daily water conditions for a given month. The monthly mean of the daily water conditions describes normal daily conditions for the month, and thus provides a general measure of habitat availability or suitability. The similarity of monthly means within a year reflects conditions of relative hydrologic constancy, whereas inter-annual variation (e.g., coefficient of variation) in the mean water condition of a given Month provides an expression of environmental contingency (Colwell 1974; Puff Ward1989). The terms constancy and contingency as used here refer tithe degree to which monthly means vary from month to month (constancy),and the extent to which flows vary within any given month(contingency). Group-2: Magnitude and Duration of Annual Extreme Water Conditions The 10 parameters in this group measure the magnitude of extreme(minimum and maximum) annual water conditions of various duration, ranging from daily to seasonal. The durations that we use follow natural or human-imposed cycles, and include the 1-day, 3-day, 7-day(weekly), 30-day (monthly), and 90-day (seasonal) extremes. For any given year, the 1-day maximum (or minimum) is represented by the highest (or lowest) single daily value occurring during the year; thematic-day maximum (or minimum) is represented by the highest (or lowest) multi-day average value occurring during the year. The mean magnitudes of high and low water extremes of various duration provide measures of environmental stress and disturbance during the year; conversely, such extremes may be necessary precursors or triggers for reproduction of certain species. The inter-annual variation (e.g. Coefficient of variation) in the magnitudes of these extremes provides another expression of contingency. Group-3: Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions This group includes 02 parameters one measuring the Julian date of the 1-day annual minimum water condition, and the other measuring the Julian date of the 1-day maximum water condition. The timing of the highest and lowest water conditions within annual cycles provides another measure of environmental disturbance or stress by describing the seasonal nature of these stresses. Key life cycle phases (e.g. Reproduction) may be intimately linked to the timing of annual extremes, and thus human induced changes in timing may cause reproductive failure, stress, or mortality. The inter-annual variation in timing of extreme events reflects environmental contingency. Group-4: Frequency and Duration of High and Low Pulses This group has 04 parameters include two, which measure the number of annual occurrences during which the magnitude of the water condition exceeds an upper threshold or remains below a lower threshold, respectively, and two, which measure the mean duration of such high and low pulses. These measures of frequency and duration of high- and low-water conditions together portray the pulsing behaviour of environmental variation within a year, and provide measures of the shape of these environmental pulses. Hydrologic pulses are defined here as those periods within a year in which the daily mean water condition either rises above the 75th percentile (high pulse) or drops below the25th percentile (low pulse) of all daily values for the pre-impact time period. Group-5: Rate and Frequency of Change in Water Conditions The four parameters included in this group measure the number and mean rate of both positive and negative changes in water conditions from one day to the next. The Rates and frequency of change in water conditions can be described in terms of the abruptness and number of intra-annual cycles of environmental variation, and provide a measure of the rate and frequency of intra-annual environmental change. Assessing Hydrologic Alteration In assessing the impact of a perturbation on the hydrologic regime, we want to determine whether the state of the perturbed system differs significantly from what it would have been in the absence of the perturbation. In particular, we want to test whether the central tendency or degree of inter-annual variation of an attribute of interest has been altered by the perturbation (Stewart-Oaten et al.1986)55. The assessment of impacts to natural systems often poses difficult statistical problems, however, because the perturbation of interest cannot be replicated or randomly assigned to experimental units (Carpenter 1989; Carpenter et al. 1989; Hulbert 1984;Stewart-Oaten et al. 1986)66. The lack of replication does not hinder estimation of the magnitude of an effect, but limits inferences regarding its causes. However, the IHA method is robust and can be easily adapted to more sophisticated experimental designs. A standard statistical comparison of the 32 IHA parameters between two data series would include tests of the null hypothesis that the central tendency or dispersion of each has not changed. However, this null hypothesis is generally far less interesting in impact assessments than questions about the sizes of detectable changes and their potential biological importance. A standardized process for assessing hydrologic impacts is included within the IHA software. The Range of Variability Method (RVA) is another analysis frame in which to assess change in structured manner. This method of determining hydrologic alteration is based on the theory that there is natural variability in stream-flow. The RVA software would plot and determine whether an activity, such as water taking, would alter the stream-low outside this normal variability. Significant alteration would occur if the stream-low regime were altered more than one standard deviation from the natural variability, which may have ecological consequences. Development of Pre- and Post-Impact scenarios When adequate hydrologic records are available for both there-impact and post-impact time periods, application of the IHA method will be relatively straightforward using the statistical procedures described above. When pre- or post-impact records are nonexistent,include data gaps, or are inadequate in length, however, various datareconstruction or estimation procedures will need to be employed. Examples of such procedures include the hydrologic record extension techniques described by Searcy (1960) and Alley Burns (1983).Hydrologic simulation modelling or water budgeting techniques can also be used to synthesize hydrologic records for comparison using the IHAmethod (Linsley et al. 1982)73. Accounting for Climatic Differences Climatic differences between the pre- and post-impact time periods obviously have the potential to substantially influence the outcome of the IHA analysis. Various statistical techniques can be used to test for climatic differences in the hydrologic data to be compared. When the IHA analysis is to be based upon actual hydrologic measurements rather than estimates produced from models, a reference site or set of sites uninfluenced by the human alterations being examined can be used as climatic controls (Alley Burns 1983). For example, stream-gauge may exist upstream of a reservoir thought to have impacted study site. Analyses can establish a statistical relationship between stream-lows at the study site and at the upstream reference site using synchronous pre-dam data sets for the two sites. This relationship can then be used to estimate the stream-low conditions that would have occurred at the study site during the post-impact time period in the absence of the reservoir. IHA Application- Description of Study Site As mentioned earlier, the principal motive of this study is tantalize and evaluate the impacts, if any, of human interventions like reservoir operations on the overall sanctity and natural integrity, i.e. the natural hydrologic regime of water bodies like rivers. Here the operation of a well know reservoir in the south-west coast of Britain called the Wimbleball reservoir has been identified as the human intervention point which is sufficiently used to store and supply water to cater to human needs like hydropower, drinking water supply, etc. (SW-Environment Agency, 2003)81 and eventually it ends up regulating a river system in the process. The down-stream water body and habitat, which is expected to come under the influence of the alterations resulting from the Wimbleball reservoir operations, considered here is the Exe-river estuary system. The main motivation for selection of the above reservoir and the river system happens to bathe strategically located river monitoring system (gauge-station),which falls in the influence zone. This station is designated asNo.45001-Exe at Thorverton having a grid reference of 21 (SS) 936016 (NRFA Data Holdings, 2005)66. Figure-2 (enclosed) shows diagrammatic representation of the Exe-river catchments area along with the positions of the river and reservoir. The national authority NRFA, describes the monitoring station as Velocity-area station with cableway and flat V-Crump profile weir constructed in 1973 due to unstable bed condition (NRFA, 2005)66. There also exists minor culvert flow through mill u/s of station included in rating. Notably, Low flows are affected significantly by the operations of the Wimbleballreservoir post-1979 and by exports to the Taw catchment. Station iscontrol point for operational releases from Wimbleball (NRFA DataHoldings, 2005)66. The headwaters drain Exmoor and the geology is predominantly Devonian sandstones and Carboniferous Culm Measures, with subordinate Permian sandstones in the east, Moorland, forestry and arrange of agriculture (NRFA Data Holdings, 2005)66. The Exe Estuary is partially an enclosed tidal area composed of both aquatic (marine, brackish and freshwater) and terrestrial habitats. The Estuary makes an important contribution to the diversity of British estuaries by virtue of its unspoilt nature, international conservation importance, recreational opportunities and high landscape value(SW-Environment Agency, 2003) . This Estuary flows through an open landscape with gently rolling hills on either side. It is shallower than many estuaries in the south west of England, so the tide plays significant role, with large expanses of sandbanks and mudflats exposed at low water. The waters, foreshore and low-lying land of the area create a varied habitat, which supports a diverse range of flora and fauna. The Estuary is particularly important for ornithological interests, both in terms of the diversity of species represented and in the large numbers of birds utilizing its resources. This importance is reflected in the areas designations as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramseur Convention, a SPA and a SSSI(SW-Environment Agency, 2003) . According to the South West Water Company, the major water supplier in the Exe-region, the demand for water has risen by approximately 30%since 1976. In the mid-seventies each person used an average of 24gallons (110 litters) a day. Today, that figure has risen to 35 gallons(159 litters) (southwestwater.co.uk) . Even if this region is relatively wet part of England, the geology of the region sees most rainwater draining away very quickly. About 90% of the water in this part is sourced from surface waters in the form of rivers and reservoirs and only about 10% water is derived from underground sources, that too in the East Devon area (SW-Environment Agency, 2003) . This is the reason why it was decided to consider only surface waters in this study. Significantly, the regions water storage capacity at present has almost quadrupled compared to the requirements of the mid-seventies. Therefore, it is evident that this region heavily depends on surface waters and water abstractions here appear to be very substantial. Data Processing for IHA Application For this study, a strategic water monitoring station has been identified over river Exe that captures flow data just down the discharge point of the Wimbleball reservoir. Moreover, this particular station is also very much desirable as this gives us a series of fairly long-term river flow (mean daily flow) and condition data covering both the pre and post periods of Wimbleball construction. The data sets used in running the IHA software include long-term flow conditions (mean daily flow) recorded at the gauge-station No.45001-Exe at Thorverton. The data for this station along with related information have been taken from the NRFA and Data Holdings on-line information and their centralized data bank. IHA protocols recommend using at least a20-years time series data set for better analysis and consistency in results (Richter D. Brian, etal, 1997). In line with this requirement, a fairly long-term time-series data set starting from 1956 to 2005 has been considered in this study with a pre-impact period span of 24 years(1956-1979) and a post-impact period span of 24 years (1980-2005). Already mentioned earlier, the main aim of this study is to investigate and see if there exist any changes or shifts in the river hydrologic conditions during the post-Wimbleball construction period (Wimbleball was commissioned during 1979) on account of reservoir related human activities as compared to the period before Wimbleball construction when no great human influence was observed to exist in the area. The data set pertaining to different river flow parameters, which have been used here may have serial correlations but this should not be a problem in case of this analysis as the intention is to evaluate back-to-back differences in magnitudes of the parameters under two sets of time-periods. Thus, here it was preferred to carry out a simpleton-parametric statistical analysis for which the available data are quite sufficient. Moreover, there is no need for any data log transformation, which can be easily judged by having a look at the dataset. However, this being a very long chain of data, a separate check for data consistency and unexpected outliers has been carried out hereby transposing the data into very powerful data-mining analysis tool called Free-Fore (from Oakdale Engineering). The raw data used here has been downloaded from the NRFA web database. The mean daily flow values for all the years were downloaded as a .cave file which then has been directly imported into the IHA database for starting the statistical analysis. Then, for each of the 32 hydrologic parameters, the differences between the pre- and post-impact time periods in both the mean and coefficient of variation are presented, expressed as Botha magnitude of difference and a deviation percentage (Table-3). These comparisons of means and coefficients of variation for each of the 32parameters comprise the 64 different Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. Approximate confidence limits are also estimated for the difference between means and CV, respectively (Table-3), using standard formulae that are approximately valid when distributions are not Normal or change (e.g., have unequal variances) between time periods (Nedcor Cochran 1967; Stewart-Oaten et al. 1992) . Results Analysis The flow data for years 1956 to 2005 as obtained from the webpage of NRFA have units in comes (cubic meters per second) and the same were imported into the IHA model without any unit conversions. The impact of the Wimbleball reservoir, if any, may only be expected to show shifts in hydrological profile in and around the monitoring station, which is strategically located to record river conditions just in the down-stream of the Wimblebal discharge or regulation point. The period of impact then shall begin with the year 1979, the year when the reservoir was commissioned. The IHA results for the Exe-river are given in Tables-(3-5) and represented in Figures-(1 to 8). As revealed from the tables and figures, the relative differences between means ranged from -53%(annual 1-day maximum flow) to +135% (low pulse counts) for the individual attributes, while the average absolute difference for the five groups ranged from 11% (Group 1: monthly means) to 96% (Group 4:frequency and duration of pulses). For individual attributes, the relative difference in CV ranged from -60% (mean August flow) to +72%(mean April flow); the range for the five groups was 26% (Group 4:frequency and duration of pulses) to 41% (Group 3: timing of extreme events). References 2 Richter BD, Baumgartner JV, Wigington R, Braun DP. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater Biology 37: 231-249. 3 EPA Module on Watershed Management, 4 Establishing Environmental Flow Requirements, Synthesis Report, Ontario Fisheries Oceans, Canada, 2002. 5 Richter D. Brian etal, The Nature Conservancy, A Method for Assessing Hydrologic Alteration within Ecosystems, Colorado, 1997. 6 Allan David Hinz Leon, An Assessment of Flows for Rivers of the Great Lakes Basin, School of Nature Resources Environment, Ann Arbour, MI, October 2004. 7 Puff, N.L., J.D. Allan, M.B. Bain, J.R. Karr, K.L. Prestegaard,B.D. Richter, R.E. Sparks, and J.C. Stromberg. 1997. The natural flow regime: a paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47:769-784. Richter, B.D., R. Matthews, D.L. Harrison and R. Wigington. 2003.Ecologically sustainable water management: Managing river flows for ecological integrity. Ecological Applications, 13(1): 206-224. In stream Flow Council (IFC). 2002. In stream Flows for Riverine Resource Stewardship. In stream Flow Council. 250 pp. Rash, V. H., A. V. Brown, A. P. Ceviche, M. E. Girts, H. W. Li, G. W.Minshall, S. R. Reice, A. L. Sheldon, J. B. Wallace, R. Wissmar(1988). The Role of Disturbance in Stream Ecology. Journal of theNorth American Benthological Society 7: 433-455. Rosenberg DM, Berkes F, Bodaly RA, Hecky RE, Kelly CA, Rudd JWM.1997. Large-scale impacts of hydroelectric development. Environmental Reviews 5: 2754. Dynes us M, Nilsson C. 1994. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266: 753762. 36 David M. Rosenberg, Patrick Mccully, And Catherine M. Pringle,Global-Scale Environmental Effects of Hydrological Alterations:Introduction, 746 Bioscience September 2000 / Vol. 50 No. 9. McCall P. 1996. Silenced Rivers. The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. London: Zed Books. Pringle CM. 1997. Exploring how disturbance is transmitted upstream: Going against the flow. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16: 425438. ______.In press. Managing r Sparks, R.E. 1992. Risks of altering the hydrologic regime of large rivers. Pages 119-152 Volume XX. Princeton Scientific Publishing, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. +++++ Doppler, B., M. Scurlock, C. Frissell, and J. Karr. 1993. Entering the watershed: a new approach to save Americas river ecosystems. Island Press. Washington, D.C., USA. 35 Jowett, I.G., 1997. In stream flow methods: A comparison of approaches. Regulated Rivers: Research Management, 13: 115-127. 40 South wood, T.R.E. 1977. Habitat, the temple for ecological strategies? Journal of Animal Ecology 46:337-365. ++++++ South wood, T.R.E. 1988. Tactics, strategies and templets. Oikos 52:3-18. 43 Townsend, C.R., and A.G. Hilde. 1994. Species traits in relation to a habitat template for river systems. Freshwater Biology31:265-275. 42 Eddy, P.A., H.T. Lee, and I.C. Wisheu. 1993. Choosing indicators of ecosystem integrity: wetlands as a model system. Pages 61-79 in Ecological integrity and the management of ecosystems. S. Woodley, J. Kay, and G. Francis, editors. 46 Kozlowski, T.T., editor. 1984. Flooding and plant growth. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. ++++ Bustard, A. 1984. The characterisation of flow regimes for assessing the impact of water resource management on river ecology. Pages 53-60 in A. Lillehammer and S.J. Saltveit, editors. Regulated rivers. Universitetsforlaget As, Oslo, Norway. 48 Gaines, S.D., and M.W. Denny. 1993. The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest: extremes in ecology. Ecology74:1677-1692. 49 Leopold, L.B. 1994. A view of the river. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. 55 Stewart-Oaten, A., J.R. Bence, and C.W. Osenberg. 1992. Assessing effects of replicated perturbations: no simple solutions. Ecology73:1396-1404. 66 Carpenter, S.R. 1989. Replication and treatment strength in whole-lake experiments. Ecology 70:453-463. 73 Linsley, R.K., Jr., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. 1982. Hydrology for engineers. 81 SW-Environment Agency, Exe-CAMS Resource Assessment Project Report, No.100026380, 2003. 6666 NRFA Homepage Data Holdings, 6666 NRFA Homepage Data Holdings, 6666 NRFA Homepage Data Holdings, 6666 NRFA Homepage Data Holdings, South-West Environment Agency, Exe Estuary Management Plan: Section 2, 2003. South-West Environment Agency, Exe Estuary Management Plan: Section 2, 2003. web materials, 50332 4/05, achieved on 07/122005. South-West Environment Agency, Exe Estuary Management Plan: Section 2, 2003. Nedcor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1967. Statistical methods, sixth edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Morality in Henry Fieldings Novels Joseph Andrews Amelia

Introduction Although Henry Fielding (1707-1754) wrote many literary works I am going to deal mainly with his major novels, Joseph Andrews, \and Amelia. All of these works contain a strong moral message, but the moral message is not entirely consistent, and is presented in various ways. One of Fieldings main concerns was the question of marriage. His ideas on marriage are concisely summed up by All worthy in his sermon on matrimony: I have always thought love the only foundation of happiness in a married state and in my opinion all these marriages which are contracted from other motives are greatly criminal . To deny that beauty is an agreeable object to the eye would be false and foolish But to make this the sole consideration of†¦show more content†¦Their eldest son was Henry, who was born on April 22, 1707, and had an uncertain number of brothers and sisters of the whole blood. After his first wife’s death, General Fielding (for he attained that rank) married again. The most remarkable offspring of the first marriage, next to Henry, was his sister Sarah, also a novelist, who wrote David Simple; of the second, John, afterwards Sir John Fielding, who, though blind, succeeded his half-brother as a Bow Street magistrate, and in that office combined an equally honourable record with a longer tenure. Joseph Andrews Of the works mentioned, Joseph Andrews contains the most virtuous and idealised couple; Joseph and Fanny, even if they are somewhat unrealistic. Joseph is tempted by both Lady Booby and Mrs Slipslop and refuses the advances of each of them, remaining constant in his chaste devotion to Fanny. The chastity of their love is constantly emphasised and admired by Fielding, and they are rewarded for their virtuousness with eternal happiness (it is heavily implied). Fielding writes of their union thus: Joseph remains blessed with his Fanny, whom he doates on with the utmost Tenderness, which is all returned on her side. As well as maintaining their spiritual happiness, their financial problems are solved by Mr Boobys unprecedented generosity in giving Fanny a gift of two thousand pounds. Their blissful life is contrasted with the lifeShow MoreRelatedJospeh Andrews as Comic Epic in Prose3335 Words   |  14 PagesJoseph Andrews From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the novel. For the former Liberal Member of Parliament, see Joseph Andrews (politician). Joseph Andrews Author(s) Henry Fielding Original title The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams Country Britain Language English Publication date 1742 Media type print Preceded by Shamela, or An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews(1741) Followed by The Life and Death of JohnathanRead More A Double Standard for Men and Women in Tom Jones1321 Words   |  6 Pages London argues that although Fielding seems to put aside the gender bias, he actually enforces it by the way his character Sophia changes at the end of the novel. I think this is an interesting observation that has some merit. London does a good job of providing examples to reinforce her argument. London claims that throughout the novel Sophia steps over the bounds of authority in order to maintain her own integrity, something rather uncommon for women to do back in the 18th century. The mostRead MoreThe Rise of the Novels in the Eighteenth Century4179 Words   |  17 PagesMonday, December 27, 2010 The Rise of the Novel in the Eighteenth Century Introduction: In the eighteenth century the years after the forties witnessed a wonderful efflorescence of a new literary genre which was soon to establish itself for all times to come as the dominant literary form. Of course, we are referring here to the English novel which was born with Richardsons  Pamela  and has been thriving since then. When Matthew Arnold used the epithets excellent and indispensable for the eighteenth

Oedipus By William Shakespeare s Oedipus - 1096 Words

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Possible solutions to child abuse free essay sample

A memorable day 1 The day that I witnessed the Celebration of Osun Osogbo shrine festival was a memorable day to me. I was living in the hostel of a school that was owned by a chief in Osogbo and the school was close to the place where the shrine rituals were performed, and the festival celebrated. That was the 30th year celebration which I witnessed, and indeed, it was a memorable day for me. When we were told to tell a story about a true experience, I talked about my experience at â€Å"Osun Osogbo† festival some years back, behold, people were amazed. Oroki nursery and primary school was one of the famous schools in Osogbo the capital city of Osun State in Nigeria, West Africa. It was attended by children of the rich and famous people of the state. My sister was one of the teachers in this school, and that gave me the privilege to attend the school. We will write a custom essay sample on Possible solutions to child abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What a memory of my early childhood! It was a beautiful evening; all the children gathered together to have fun and chat with the proprietress of the school, she asked us a question, â€Å"Would you like to go on a field trip tomorrow? † Yes! The children answered. Every student wanted to get out of the compound because they were bored and it looked like prison to some of the students, living in a compound with high fence. This fence was made of blocks that surrounded the school compound so that the hostel and the children in them will be protected. One cannot get out until the semester ends, but parents could visit a number of times. Therefore, hearing about the field trip was a privilege to get out; there were smiles on every child’s face and some teachers. Guess where we will be going, she said, A memorable day2 â€Å"Tomorrow, you will be going on field trip to the palace to witness the Osun Osogbo festival and I promise is going to be fun and a memorable day for all of you† It was an exciting moment for me, for the rest of the evening, so I tried as much as I could to be in my best behavior and did not break any rule. After dinner was served, getting back to the room, my sister helped me to iron my cloth, and my shoes were properly arranged getting ready for the field trip tomorrow. The night was so long, and finally the day broke and jumping out of bed with full of excitement and said my prayers and walked down to the bathroom, brushed my teeth, took shower and dressed up in the yellow dress that was properly place on the chair, humming and singing â€Å"oh! is going to be a memorable day†. On the way to the dinning, you can passive the aroma of the bean cake. At the dinning, the children sat down gently, and neatly dressed in their best attires waiting to be served breakfast, as I sat closely to my best friend Tunrayo, she whispered to me, â€Å"Is going to be fun and a memorable day today? † Responding with smile, I nodded my head, and as soon as the grace was said, grabbing the bean cake about to put the whole piece in the mouth, I heard Ms. Ronke calling my traditional name â€Å"Ike†, â€Å"you can’t put the whole piece in your mouth at a time; I will appreciate it if you can follow the table manner†. I said, yes! Ma A memorable day 3 After the breakfast, the Iyalode of Osogbo gorgeously dressed in her â€Å"aso Oke† was waiting to talk to the children. In a happy mood she said, â€Å"Good morning, my good children, without asking you I can tell that you are all excited today, as good children, write down everything you see today, and be in your best behavior, as I promised is going to be fun and a memorable day. See you all in the evening, thank you†. Waving our hands and saying bye, she got into her car, while we all got into the school bus with our teachers, singing and clapping hands in the bus till we got to the palace where we saw a lot of people from different places around the world. It was a raining day different people with their umbrella walking side by side. As soon as we got out of the bus, we took a shot together beside the school bus. The camera man said, â€Å"Say cheese†. We all said cheese, showing all our teeth, the camera cracked (pam, pam). Suddenly, I noticed something strange, there was a creature beside us, the creature was like six inches tall and before anyone can figure out what it is, it sprang up, looking taller than the people and the building in place. Oh! My God, I screamed and forgot all the excitement and fun, not knowing what it was, so scared and desiring to go back to the hostel. Wow! What a memorable day. Then, there was a tall, young looking man before us, in a muscular voice he said â€Å"Hi, everyone, you are all welcome to this year Osun Osogbo festival, my name is Gbenga, I will be taking you around today to show you some significant places here, hope you A memorable day4 all have a wonderful day and I promise is going to be fun and a memorable day for each one of you, thank you once again you are welcome. † All students clapped their hands except me, still crying and sobbing, it was a memorable day indeed, when the man led us to hut where a man was lying and fast asleep, with a dead cock Beside him, ouch! We all screamed as if something bit us. Mr. gbenga quickly turned back and apologize for not informing us before we got to the place. â€Å"Oh! Am so sorry about that, that is one of the rituals usually performed on this memorable day, but we missed an important aspect of it, which is the man using his bare hands to tear the cock apart and drinking its blood before he went to sleep. † â€Å"hmmmmm drink the blood of a cock! † the children sounded, at this time my eyes were heavy for crying and I said, it is a memorable day indeed, today is today. Then, Mr. Gbenga looked down and touches me and said â€Å"Oh my pretty girl, is just fun, don’t be scared ok† Responded in a sobbing mood â€Å"ok† from there we went to the shrine. Hah! Ha! Mr. Gbenga cleared his throat and said â€Å"Here we are the shrine of Osun Osogbo† He told us the story about the shrine, but I closed my eyes firmly clung to my sister, to be honest, I did not hear the detail of the (shrine) of Osun Osogbo. All I heard was A memorable day5 â€Å"Hope you all have a wonderful and a memorable day, see you all next year and be good, thank you all. † Finally, we got back to the hostel, and it was time to tell the proprietress all that happened at the festival, she asked, â€Å"Hope you all enjoyed yourself today? As I told you are going to be fun and a memorable day† â€Å"Yes! † chorused the children, she continued, â€Å"Can you tell me what you saw today? † There were different hands up, and then she noticed that I was not racing up hand, she called my name and asked, â€Å"Ike, what is the matter, why are you not raising your hand? † At this moment all eyes were on me, and then a girl said, â€Å"Oh! She was crying all day because she was so scared†. Then, she pulled me closed to herself and said, â€Å"I know today has been a memorable day for you and everyone here†. This is an experience I can never forget in my life, socializing, educative, but scary, and it has been in my memory for the past thirty years now, indeed a memorable day.

Julus Caesar - Analysis Of Caesar Essays - , Term Papers

Julus Caesar - Analysis of Caesar Essay on Caesar In Shakespeare's play of "Caesar" Brutus is a conspirator who portrays a person who favors a republic for Rome. Brutus is an honorable man. Many characters in the play show there reverence for Brutus. Brutus exemplifies his honor in many ways. Brutus is obsequious when he is needed to abet his fellow romans. Brutus is an honorable man. "Am I entreated to Speak and Strike? O Rome I make thee promise, If the redress will follow, then receivest thy full petition at the hand of Brutus" (Shakespeare 397). Brutus will obey to whatever the romans convey to him. Consequently, Brutus joins the conspiracy inorder to help the romans rid rome of Caesar. Brutus also understands that he is putting it all on the line for his romans, therefore Brutus is an honorable man. Brutus is a scrupulous man, whose virtues endure. "No not an oath, If not by the face of men, the sufferance of our souls, the time's abuse-If these motives be weak, break off betimes, and every men hence to his idle bed; So let high sighted tyranny rage on, till each man drop by lottery" (Shakespeare 399). Brutus said that if the conspirators do not join for a common cause, then there is no need for an oath because the conspirators are self-righteous, and they are serving the romans. If the conspirators don't bind together, then each man will go his own way, become a weakling, and die when it suits the tyrants caprice. Brutus is advocates peace, freedom and liberty, for all romans, which shows that Brutus is an altruistic as well as an honorable man. Brutus also had a compassion for Caesar when he had killed Caesar. "If then that a friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more" (Shakespeare 421). Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesar was to ambitious. Brutus also felt that Caesar made the romans as slaves. Therefore, Brutus is an honorable man. Brutus is a noble man who was revered by many. Brutus had j oined the conspiracy because he had the desire to help the commoners. He was a follower of idealism, where the romans would possess peace, liberty and freedom. Brutus wanted the kill Caesar, because he believed that all of the people of Rome would eventually be slaves, thus Brutus resorted to the assassination if Caesar. Brutus is a honorable man. Marcus Brutus was a good friend to Julius Caesar, but not good enough. He had moral values dealing with Rome and its people. Brutus' values then made him join a conspiracy against Caesar put together by Cassius. Brutus joined this mainly because he didn't want Caesar to turn his back on Rome so there would be a reasonable reason for killing Caesar. If Brutus wasn't in the play, there would be no "Tragedy" in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar.

Informative Speech Essay example

Informative Speech Essay example Informative Speech Essay example Angel Nolker How to Manage Your Stress We have all had the feeling before, our muscles are tense, our stomach is upset, we can’t sleep or eat; though some of us may eat too much. You may feel sad or depressed and when you try to think of a way to fix your problems you go blank. This is because you are stressed. Most of my facts are from medicinenet.com it’s a website edited, wrote, and reviewed by doctors. Medicinenet.com defines stress as a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from the environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal (illness, or from a medical procedure). I think all of us can relate to stress, especially since we are all college students. We are faced with all different types of stress. Stress is constant in our lives and cannot be avoided; that’s why I would like to inform you of the two types of stress and a few tips on ways that you can help manage your stress. I think that the tips I give you can help with every day stress situations and make life more enjoyable. There are two types of stress: Acute and Chronic. Acute stress is the type of stress that comes immediately with a change of routine. It is an intense type of stress, but it passes quickly. Some of the effects a person may have are chest pain, abdominal discomfort, headaches, difficulty in concentrating, sleeplessness. Chronic stress will occur if there is a constant change of routine for week after week. Chronic stress affects the body for a long period of time. This type of stress happens when a person faces moves or job changes. Some of the effects of Chronic stress are headache, mood swings, anxiety disorder, substance abuse, memory disturbances and in severe cases of heart attacks because of high blood pressure. Now that we know the types of stress I would like to talk about a few reasons for stress that I believe most of us or all us can relate to: First is how stress is involved with being a college student, second is stress in succeeding in life, and last is personal relati onships. The first reason for stress would be being a college student. Being a college student can be very stressful. College can be very demanding; we all have our own lives, some of us work and have to take care of our families, and to add school work such as tests, papers, project, and finals on top of that can be very stressful and time consuming. We all want to succeed in our classes and that can add a lot of stress as well. So many times we put overwhelming pressure on ourselves to do well and get good grades. We don’t want to disappoint our family and friends and especially ourselves. At times this all can be too much. The second type of stress I think we can all relate to is succeeding in life. Whether it is doing well in school, in our career, or a goal we have set for ourselves. We all want to succeed! Who wakes up in the morning and says, today I think I want to fail? I don’t think any of us do. It is deeply rooted in the American dream that anything is possible if only you can dream and seek to make those dreams come true. Dreams are believed to be attainable as long as you work hard enough and are motivated enough to reach that goal. Society does not accept failure too well. So, along with opportunities and possibilities come the pressure to succeed and the pressure to be successful. I think a very motivating quote would be â€Å"I do not fail; I succeed in finding out what does not work†. The third type of stress would be personal relationships. Those could be with our mom and dad, with our children, husband or wife, or our friends. I believe personal relationships are one of the top causes of stress. Family life can be very stressful; Family-related stress can be attributed to various factors such as dealing with a family member's terminal illness, the loss of a loved one, sibling rivalry, divorce, re-marriage, blending families. There are so many issues that can

PURCHASING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PURCHASING - Essay Example We can say that when we need to perform any specific task regarding some sort of activity, we need to have some related goods and services available for us in order to perform that activity. And attainment of those goods and services is referred to as purchasing. If we talk about hotels and restaurants, purchases mean to acquire those goods and services which we need to have in our hands for the purpose of successful operations of the restaurant. If these goods and services are to the management of the restaurant right at the time when they are needed, the restaurant will be able to operate its functions efficiently and effectively. But when they are not available or accessible for the management of the restaurant at the desired time, it will become very difficult for the restaurant to maintain its level of reliability and public’s confidence stable. So we can say that purchasing is one of the most important factors which are to be taken into consideration by the management of the restaurant or any other organization in order to perform all the related functions successfully. Purchasing, in the present era, has undergone various changes and developments in several organizations. If we talk about restaurants, management of the process of purchasing has gained great importance for maintaining a stabilized level of supply to demand management. If we talk about the required set of skills and abilities for the management of a restaurant, we should say that now relatively high level pf skills and abilities are required for the successful operation of the purchasing process in any restaurant because of the factor of competition among the restaurants. Gadde and Hakansson (1993) found that purchasing is seen as one of the key strategic functions to be performed effectively by the management of an organization in order to get competitive advantage among several

Bullying behaivor in adolescence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bullying behaivor in adolescence - Essay Example Victims of bullying can suffer from behavioural and emotional problems. Examples can be loneliness, depression, anxiety and also low self-esteem. Their researched showed that any individual involved with bullying, those that bully, victims of bullying and those that are bullied and bully all are susceptible to falling into depression. Hence there is even a greater essence to try and understand bullying and therefore try to contain bullying and its effects. Physical bullying is the most common form of bullying. This happens when children use physical altercations to gain power and control over their peers. Physical bullies tend to be bigger in size, stronger and much more aggressive. This type of bullying is the easiest to identify and also historically it has received much more attention from school administrators and teachers (Cambridgeshire county council 2013). The second form of bullying is verbal bullying. In this type of bullying the perpetrators use words, statements and also name-calling to gain power and also control over their peers. It is very common for verbal bullies to use insults with an aim of belittling, demeaning and/or hurting another person. These bullies are likely to pick their victims based on their appearance, actions or behaviour (Cambridgeshire county council 2013). The third one is relational aggression which is a form of bullying or manipulation where teenagers try to hurt a friend or a peer or hurt their social standing. Relational bullies often banish others from their group, spread rumours and innuendos and also manipulate situations. Their goal is to increase their social standing by controlling the other person (Cambridgeshire county council 2013). The fourth form of bullying is known as cyber bullying. This form of bullying involves when a teenager uses the internet, a mobile phone or another technological device to threaten,

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay I do not think that there is a single person in the world who can say that knows what happiness actually is and, more importantly, that knows how to achieve it. We sometimes get the glimpse of pure happiness but those moments are so rare and so intense that we only recognise them too late. Each of us understands this feeling in a different way†¦I, for instance, see it as the one that can make you feel that there is no worry in life and nothing and nobody can hurt you anymore. For me, it is when you feel like you can do anything and forget about the past, the future, just enjoying the mere present. In my case, it is one of two feelings that can make you cry with all your heart†¦because it is too much for you to express in plain words or pointless gestures. â€Å"Tears are words that the heart can’t express† a wise man once said and could have never said it better, as happiness is that joy which is so strong that sometimes even hurts. However, I never remember the recipe for happiness and even if I did I do not think it would work again because one of its components is also hazard. Still, this does nt make me stop searching for it and devote it everything I do, I am and I achieve. Likewise, each person I’ve ever met, consciously or not, did the same†¦we want to get something, to become someone. Why? Not because that would make us feel miserable, but fulfilled and maybe a little bit more: happy. Hence, I strongly believe that happiness is the main purpose of our lives, the whole aim of our ephemeral existence. We are born happy and we want to die the same; this is the true ideal that we all crave for reaching. Money, wealth, knowledge mean nothing, without someone who cares about what you have achieved. Human beings, whether they like admitting it or not, need other human beings to share their secrets with, to share their joy or sorrow; as genuine joy can only become happiness if there is another person by your side. In other words, happiness is, in my opinion, the actual meaning of life; and life seems so complicated especially because we seldom get to its core, we almost never get to know what happiness feels like†¦and afterwards all that remains is an unclear memory of the moment and a wish of feeling it again.

Its All Downhill :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

It's All Downhill From Here 8:02 a.m. Saturday. It's still dark, as usual, on these cold, winter days. Everybody else is still sleeping and enjoying the comfprting heat of their beds. I crack open the locked window by my bed, an act some deemed downright idiotic. I strip off my pj's, throw on my robe, and head for the shower. Drying off, I think about where I am abou to go. I dress piece by layered piece. I can't wait to hit the slopes! I round up my tools: body, boards, boots, bindings. Everything is in working order and ready for take-off. As I open the front door, I am shocked by the cold and fight my way through the wind to my car. I turn the key and put the heater on full blast. I am almost there. I step out of my car and survey the parking lot. Not too many cars. That's the way I like it. I take a deep breath and savor the frsh air. Already, I can feel the pressure of deadlines lifted off my chest. I strap my skis on, and prepare not just to tackle a run but other situations in my life as well. I skate over to the first pitch of the double diamond slope, and map out where I will take the first couple turns. It is almost like I am assessing my goals in life: getting accepted into Syracuse, owning a house in Colorado, raising a healthy family. I appreciate the sound of carving the first turn as if it was my very last. The crunching of the snow under my feet empowers me to crush the antagonists in my everyday life. The second and third turns secure my self-confidence. Only with the fourth turn do I start to realize that things are not always that easy. I heard it said often, "It's easier said than done." I never believed it until now. I only skid slightly over a patch of ice, but it is enough to start my heart thumping. I am suddenly aware that to finish this run or to reach my goals, I have to be ready for the tricky spots. I know that at any moment I could fall and be forced to start over. My lifetime goals can be affected by any number of things - grades slipping, drugs and alcohol - and I have to be ready to handle anything.

An Overview of the Works of John Pierpont Morgan

John Pierpont Morgan (1837 – 1931) is one of the more controversial figures in the history of America and the world of finance. Described as a sui generis, a colossus (McCallum, p. 2), â€Å"the organizer† (Miller, 2003), â€Å"banker of last resort† (Andrews, 1999), and â€Å"the man of the hour† (Corey, p. 348), John Pierpont Morgan has also been called a â€Å"robber baron† (Andrews, 1999). Thus, it is evident that J. P. Morgan was a man who was as much praised for his actions in saving the American economy during the 1895 and 1907 crises, as he was criticized and derided for what was seen as his calculated control of the financial world and American business. Viewed from the lens of financial history, however, there can be little doubt that no person, either before or since, has left â€Å"upon the great art of money getting so important an influence.† (Flynn, p. 452) Indeed, Morgan†s acumen in finance and business is clearly illustrated by the fact that the U.S. government had to set up a whole array of government institutions, from the Federal Reserve to the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Transportation, to carry out the market stabilizing functions that Morgan had once assumed (Andrews, 1999). But perhaps, the biggest testimony to Morgan†s financial astuteness and power lies in the role he assumed as defacto central banker in 1907. For, there can be little doubt that J. P. Morgan single-handedly rescued the American economic system from falling into disarray. The key to understanding how one man could possibly act as the defacto central banker for as democratic, large and influential a country like the United States, lies in not so much analyzing the actual event, but in J. P. Morgan†s personal history. For, only such an approach could possible explain how he possessed the financial power to avert the collapse of one of the richest banking systems in the world. John Pierpont Morgan was born in Hartford, Connecticut on April 17, 1837. The son of a rich commodity broker, Morgan was exposed to the world of finance and business from an early age (1000 Management Giants, 1999). Interestingly, call it sheer coincidence or the hand of destiny, the day of Morgan†s birth saw all the banks in New York suspending specie (currency) payment, with banks in Hartford following suit the next day. Thus, as Flynn (p. 462) points out, the future money king came into the world amid the din of crashing banks. Environmental influences may have played a role in instilling in the young Morgan an early interest in business. However, it appears that Morgan also had a natural interest in and gift for figures. For, even as a child, he is reputed to have kept a meticulous account detailing the receipt and expenditure of his allowance (1000 Management Giants, 1999). Further, this early interest was no fluke since he repeatedly proved his prowess with figures in both school and college. So much so, that his high school teacher is reported to have called him a prodigy after witnessing Morgan†s ability to mentally solve problems in cubic root and decimals. But perhaps the greater compliment to Morgan†s mathematical ability came when the University of Gottingen offered the graduate student Morgan, a professor†s chair in mathematics (Flynn, p. 454, 464). Fortunately for the business world, and unfortunately for the mathematical one, Morgan refused. Morgan entered the business of finance in 1857 as an accountant in the New York based Duncan, Sherman and Company. Morgan†s first job, as well as the work he did with his father†s international firm, gave him a unique perspective on specie standardization necessity for credit and commerce (obits.com). It is also interesting to note that Morgan began his career in a year of panic, just as he began his life amidst the din of crashing banks. But, perhaps this was a fortuitous start since, as Geisst (p. 89) observes, the panic of 1857 proved to be a fertile training ground for many future financiers. In Morgan†s case, this was probably true since he later demonstrated that he knew the value of financial stability and solidity. Besides the valuable learnings of the initial years, the civil war that followed must also have taught Morgan a great deal in terms of identifying business opportunities in downturns, the effect of war on monetary policy and credit, and most important, the role of courage, confidence, and faith in taking business decisions. In fact, this probably accounts for one of Morgan†s most famous sayings, â€Å"Remember, my son, that any man who is a bear on the future of this country will go broke.† (McCallum, p. 2) Morgan proved his abilities in business very early. For, it is apparent that he quickly learnt the financial ropes to become an increasingly influential member of the firm, Dabney, Morgan & Company (1864-1871), before moving on to become a partner in Drexel, Morgan & Co. In fact, it was the latter firm that grew to be recognized as one of the world†s most powerful financial institutions, both before and after it came to be known as J. P. Morgan & Co. in 1895 (Netstate, 2005). The reputation of J. P. Morgan & Co. was primarily earned in the decade 1879-89 when the House of Morgan consolidated its financial power and developed the institutionalized mechanism for the control of investment resources and of industry. Indeed, this is evident in the fact that by 1889, J.P. Morgan had secured control of many important railroads by virtue of his use of new forms and functions of finance such as the formation of trusts, acquisitions and mergers. In fact, this is when â€Å"Morganization,† or the control of finance over industry, and consequently, the centralization of industry and finance, was first established (Corey, p. 131-2). Morgan†s interest in consolidating the railroads, however, was not just for profit reasons. He was genuinely interested in achieving stabilization in the interests of the American economy. Therefore, he improved railroad properties and services, increased safety and efficiency, and decreased costs to operators, shippers, and the traveling public (Destler, p. 39; Moody, p. 134; Wagenknecht, p. 56). Morgan achieved this through providing the railways with enormous amounts of capital, which they needed for investment. More important, he put a stop to all price wars, thereby prevented likely bankruptcies, ensuring in the process that the capital was put to good use (Andrews, 1999). Much like his interests in the railways, Morgan also invested in consolidating other core sector businesses such as steel and power. For instance, he funded Thomas Edison in setting up the Edison General Electric Company. He later acquired and merged Thomas Houston Electrical with Edison to form General Electric in 1892, to emerge as the controlling force in the power industry (Geisst, p. 115) Similarly, by 1901, he had created U.S. Steel, North America†s first billion dollar company (McCallum, p. 2). Morgan achieved this through merging his Federal Steel Company with Andrew Carnegie†s Carnegie Steel Company (obits.com). After the merger, he then proceeded to offer the public the largest to date stock offering of $1.4 billion (Geisst, p. 115-6). However, much like the railways, Morgan†s principal reason for taking an interest in the steel industry was his goal of achieving a stable American economy through stabilization and prevention of violent fluctuations, which the steel industry in particular was subject to. This, Morgan felt, was a critical task because such fluctuations invariably resulted in creating periods of inflation and depression for many other industries, which were dependent on steel (Weinberg, p. 148). The key to Morgan†s success in amassing wealth and financial control lay in his ability to mobilize funds, overseas and at home, for the various trusts he controlled. In the absence of a central bank, these trusts quickly gained in clout as financiers and bankers aided and contributed to the consolidation of many smaller, innovative companies by merging them into industrial giants (Geisst, p. 124). Therefore, it is hardly surprising that J.P. Morgan & Co., First National, and National City Bank, a trio dominated by Morgan, held a total of 341 directorships in 112 companies with aggregate capital resources (in money of the day) of between $ 22-25 million in 1912 (Andrews, 1999; Wagenknecht, p.50). Thus, Morgan†s path to success explains the colossal power he possessed in the financial and business circles of America. So much so, that even the U.S. government turned to him for help on several occasions. One such occasion was in 1985, when the U.S. Treasury was facing a rapidly melting gold reserve. Morgan responded promptly by organizing a syndicate, which supplied the U.S. government with $62 million dollars in gold. This timely action shored up the reserves to a safe limit of $100 million and probably saved the dollar (McCallum, p. 2; Wagenknecht, p. 55). This action, plus the indisputable power of his holdings, makes it evident that by 1907, J. P. Morgan was seen as the first among equals in American finance and industry. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that Wall Street, banks, trusts, and the government turned to him when banks began failing in 1907. There were several factors that precipitated the 1907 banking crisis. The chief of these was the rampant speculation that took place between 1905 and 1906 in the background of a prosperous economy, easy credit, and low interest rates (Moody, p. 134-6). To make matters worse, businesspersons such as F. A. Heinze and C. W. Morse regularly used the shares and resources of banks they owned to buy shares in other banks, or finance their more speculative undertakings (Cahill, 1998; Corey; p. 339-40; Moody, p. 138-141). The unchecked and unregulated American financial system of that era did not help matters any, giving speculators free rein to speculate in rail, copper, and indeed, any issue which Wall Street threw their way, no matter how unsound (Corey, p. 339; Moody, p. 135-6). The first signs of warning of an overheated economy and a bubble actually came in 1906 when Wall Street demand loans and merchant†s discounts began commanding the highest rate in more than 30 years. In fact, in September 1906, New York banks reported a deficit in reserves, leading to the U.S. Treasury depositing government surplus funds in banks (Noyes, p. 357). The action of the U.S. Treasury, however, only resulted in a brief respite. For, in March 1907, prices crashed on the New York Stock Exchange with reports of slackening production and earnings. The situation was further aggravated when large financiers were forced to liquidate their â€Å"indigestible securities† (Corey, p. 340) by a liquidity crisis (Moody, p. 142; Cahill, 1998). This second mini-crisis was once again averted due to the intervention of the U.S. Treasury, high money rates drawing gold from Europe, and funds returning to New York post the end of the crop season (Moody, p. 143). These stop gap measures, however, did not address the real issue, namely, speculation and unregulated financing of businesses. Thus, in October 1907, when the shares of United Copper collapsed due to Heinze†s attempts to corner them, it led to the collapse of a prominent brokerage firm run by his brother, the Heinze controlled Butte (Montana) Savings Bank and the Mercantile National Bank (Corey, p. 340-1; Moody, p. 144). The New York Clearing House Committee agreed to bail out Mercantile to restore depositor confidence. However, the action failed to do so, owing to a ripple effect that occurred once the committee publicized its findings on Heinze and Morse†s speculative activities. This ripple effect led to a run on several banks and trusts such as the Knickerbocker Trust associated with Heinze and Morse (Corey, p. 340; Cahill, 1998). From this point, the panic spread to the rest of the country owing to a loss of confidence in the economy and the American system. In addition, the accompanying credit and liquidity squeeze only deepened the crisis. The collapse of the Heinz and Morse controlled empire and the subsequent run on banks led to financial forces coming together rather automatically under Morgan†s leadership. Even the U.S. government looked to Morgan to solve the problem, with Secretary of the Treasury, George Cortelyou, rushing to New York to confer with Morgan and his associate financiers. In the absence of a central banking institution, Morgan had no choice but to step in and do what he could in an improvised and dictatorial style. In fact, Morgan was the only man in a position who could do so. For, J. P. Morgan & Co. was in sound condition, having learnt the importance of maintaining a high degree of liquidity from previous experiences (Corey, p. 341-2). In any case, Morgan was known for his conservatism and aversion to speculation (Destler, p. 53; Wagenknecht, p. 56). Therefore, if anyone could be trusted to see America safely through its latest crisis, it was J. P. Morgan. Morgan rose to the occasion admirably. While banks crashed and investors panicked, Morgan mobilized the available money in the banking system and trusts, along with the $25 million handed over by the Treasury, to distribute to the banks and other financial institutions. In addition, J. P. Morgan & Co. announced that it would anticipate all interest and dividend payments payable through the firm (Corey, p. 343-44; Geisst, p. 119). Morgan also stepped in at every crucial juncture of the crisis. For instance, Morgan organized a pool of $ 3 million to prevent the Trust Company of America failing. Similarly, when the New York Stock Exchange showed signs of a financial collapse under the weight of all the margin selling that the trusts and banks were forced into, Morgan bailed out the institution by quickly mobilizing a $25 million pledge of funds (Geisst, p. 119-120). Morgan†s role in the bank crisis of 1907 led to the press hailing him as America†s savior and â€Å"man of the hour.† (Geisst, p. 120; Corey, p. 348). Unfortunately, however, criticism soon followed with accusations ranging from his having engineered the crisis for profiteering purposes to being a robber baron. This led to the Federal government setting up the Pujo commission in 1912 to investigate Morgan†s suspected violations of anti-trust laws. The experience, in fact, is said to have broken Morgan who thereafter chose to retire. Morgan died in Rome on August 31, 1931. When he died, he left behind a legacy in investment banking and finance that is revered till today. The debates on Morgan†s motives may go on. But there is one fact that cannot be contested. And, that is, that he single-handedly saved America from one of its worst financial crises.